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<p> Programming is a crucial skill in the modern world, and there are several programming languages
available to address the diversity of tasks and applications. These languages ββcan be
divided into several main categories based on their complexity, level of abstraction and
scope. In this introduction we will provide an overview of these main categories, where we
will provide examples to clarify the concepts.</p>
<p>Machine code is the most basic form of programming. It consists of binary instructions that
can be understood directly by a computer processor. Each command represents one
specific action, such as adding two numbers or storing data in memory. A
sample machine code would look like this: 10110010 00110100.</p>
<p>Assembly languages, also called assembly, are a layer above machine code. They use symbolic
names and abbreviations for instructions and memory locations to facilitate programming.</p>
<p>Higher level programming languages, such as Python, Java and C++, provide abstraction on top of the
machine code and
assembly language. They use readable text and understandable syntax to perform complex tasks.
</p>
<p>Fourth generation languages ββ(4GLs) are designed to address specific problems at a high level.
They are often focused on database management, reporting or GUI development. Example 4GLs are SQL for
database queries and Visual Basic for application development.</p>
<p>Object-oriented languages, such as C#, Java, and Python, are based on the concept of objects and
classes. They promote reusability and modularity of code. For example, in Java you can create a
class to represent a car and then create multiple car objects.
These main categories form the basis for understanding the various programming languages ββused in the
world of software development are used. Each of these categories has its own strengths
and applications, and programmers often choose the right language based on their specific requirements
projects. In the next parts of this document we will delve deeper into each category and some
discuss examples of languages ββin that category.</p>
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<h1>Development of programming languages </h1>
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<h1>Timeline</h1>
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<img src="images/fortan-logo.png" alt="Fortran Logo">
<h3>Fortran</h3>
<p><strong>Year of Publication:</strong> 1957</p>
<p><strong>Developer(s):</strong> IBM, John Backus, and his team</p>
<p><strong>Specific Features:</strong> Early high-level language, widely used in scientific and
engineering applications.</p>
<p><strong>Learn More:</strong> <a href="https://www.fortran.com">Official Website</a></p>
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<img src="images/cobol-logo.png" alt="COBOL Logo">
<h3>COBOL</h3>
<p><strong>Year of Publication:</strong> 1959</p>
<p><strong>Developer(s):</strong> A committee of experts led by Grace Hopper</p>
<p><strong>Specific Features:</strong> Designed for business data processing, supports English-like
syntax.</p>
<p><strong>Learn More:</strong> <a href="https://www.cobol.com">Official Website</a></p>
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<img src="images/c-logo.png" alt="C Logo">
<h3>C Programming</h3>
<p><strong>Year of Publication:</strong> 1972</p>
<p><strong>Developer(s):</strong> Dennis Ritchie</p>
<p><strong>Specific Features:</strong> Procedural, low-level memory manipulation, widely used for system
and application programming.</p>
<p><strong>Learn More:</strong> <a href="https://www.learn-c.org/">Learn C</a></p>
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<img src="images/cpp-logo.png" alt="C++ Logo">
<h3>C++ Programming</h3>
<p><strong>Year of Publication:</strong> 1985</p>
<p><strong>Developer(s):</strong> Bjarne Stroustrup</p>
<p><strong>Specific Features:</strong> Extension of C, object-oriented, supports classes and
polymorphism.</p>
<p><strong>Learn More:</strong> <a href="https://www.cplusplus.com/">C++ Reference</a></p>
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<img src="images/python-logo.jpg" alt="Python Logo">
<h3>Python</h3>
<p><strong>Year of Publication:</strong> 1991</p>
<p><strong>Developer(s):</strong> Guido van Rossum</p>
<p><strong>Specific Features:</strong> High-level, dynamic typing, easy-to-read syntax.</p>
<p><strong>Learn More:</strong> <a href="https://www.python.org">Official Website</a></p>
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<img src="images/java-logo.png" alt="Java Logo">
<h3>Java</h3>
<p><strong>Year of Publication:</strong> 1995</p>
<p><strong>Developer(s):</strong> James Gosling, Mike Sheridan, Patrick Naughton</p>
<p><strong>Specific Features:</strong> Object-oriented, platform-independent, strong type system.</p>
<p><strong>Learn More:</strong> <a href="https://www.oracle.com/java">Official Website</a></p>
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<img src="images/csharp-logo.png" alt="C# Logo">
<h3>C# Programming</h3>
<p><strong>Year of Publication:</strong> 2000</p>
<p><strong>Developer(s):</strong> Microsoft Corporation</p>
<p><strong>Specific Features:</strong> Object-oriented, designed for .NET Framework, used for Windows
application development.</p>
<p><strong>Learn More:</strong> <a href="https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/dotnet/csharp/">Learn C#</a>
</p>
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